A practical reference on angiotensin IV: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
This page was last updated on 2025-12-05 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
The full name often given is N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanoic amide. This name indicates a chain containing tyrosine, isoleucine, and a six-carbon amino acid derivative. Databases list a CAS Registry Number and a molecular formula for the compound. The peptide is small compared with proteins, and its structure allows it to be studied in cell cultures and animal models. Exact identity depends on the supplier's synthesis and purification process. Minor impurities can remain after synthesis.
Chemically, dihexa belongs to a broader group of angiotensin IV analogs. Researchers have modified the natural peptide to alter stability, binding, or distribution. Such changes can affect how the molecule behaves in experiments. The parent peptide angiotensin IV is involved in various physiological processes, but the modified analog is not identical to it. Public summaries sometimes blur the distinction between the natural fragment and the synthetic research compound. This distinction matters when interpreting study results.
Regulatory status varies by country, and dihexa is not widely approved as a medicine. In many jurisdictions it is treated as a research chemical, which limits its legal sale, possession, and human use. Products marketed online may lack verified purity or identity, and labels can be inaccurate. Researchers typically source material from suppliers that provide analytical documentation and follow institutional safety rules. Open questions remain about long-term stability, metabolite formation, and human pharmacokinetics.
Dihexa is typically supplied as a lyophilized powder for laboratory research. Lyophilization removes water and improves stability during transport and storage. The solid is commonly stored at -20 °C or lower, desiccated, and protected from light. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles and exposure to moisture can degrade peptides, so aliquoting and sealed containers are standard practice in most laboratory settings. These handling measures apply to research-grade material and do not imply clinical suitability.
Purity and identity are usually assessed with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and mass spectrometry. RP-HPLC separates components by hydrophobicity and can estimate peptide purity. Mass spectrometry confirms molecular mass and helps detect truncations or modifications. Some laboratories also use amino acid analysis or nuclear magnetic resonance for structural verification. A certificate of analysis from a supplier may list these results, but independent verification is often recommended for critical work.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | Dihexa | Shorthand used in research literature and supplier catalogs. |
| CAS Registry Number | 1401708-83-5 | Identifier assigned to the synthetic peptide. |
| Molecular formula | C27H44N4O5 | Reported formula; verify with a certificate of analysis. |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical form for lyophilized research peptides. |
| Typical storage | −20 °C or below, desiccated | Common condition for peptide stability. |
The proposed mechanism involves interaction with the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) system and its receptor, c-Met. Dihexa is described in some studies as an HGF mimetic, meaning it may mimic or enhance HGF-mediated signaling. Activation of c-Met can influence cell growth, survival, and cytoskeletal remodeling, pathways that intersect with synaptic plasticity. However, the precise binding targets and downstream events for dihexa are not fully established, and alternative mechanisms have been suggested.
Dihexa is a synthetic peptide with the chemical name N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanoic amide, and it is structurally related to angiotensin IV, a naturally occurring peptide fragment. Researchers developed it as a modified analog intended to alter stability and activity relative to the parent peptide. Its short sequence and fatty acid chain distinguish it from many endogenous peptides, and published studies often describe it under the abbreviation dihexa. The compound is classified as a laboratory compound rather than an approved therapeutic in most jurisdictions.
Quality control usually combines reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Chromatography estimates purity and detects related impurities, while mass spectrometry supports molecular identity. Nuclear magnetic resonance can provide additional structural confirmation when needed. Stability data for dihexa are limited, and degradation pathways may depend on pH, temperature, and moisture. Open questions include long-term stability in different formulations and the effect of repeated freeze-thaw cycles on measured purity. Such tests help confirm that a batch matches its label before use.
In laboratory settings, dihexa is typically handled as a lyophilized peptide powder. Appropriate personal protective equipment and a ventilated workspace are standard practices for weighing and transferring research chemicals. Because the compound lacks regulatory approval for clinical use, it should not be given to people. Institutional safety rules and local regulations govern its acquisition, storage, and disposal. Suppliers often provide a certificate of analysis that lists purity, identity, and batch-specific handling notes.
Dissolution depends on the peptide’s salt form, purity, and the chosen solvent. Dimethyl sulfoxide is commonly used to prepare concentrated stock solutions, while aqueous buffers may show limited solubility. Sonication or gentle warming can sometimes aid dissolution, but excessive heat may promote degradation. Once in solution, the material is generally kept cold and protected from light. Researchers should verify solubility for each lot rather than assuming uniform behavior across suppliers.
This part of the County of London was transferred to the new London Borough of Newham in Outer London and Newham Council was therefore an education authority. The ILEA had a somewhat anomalous legal status. Technically the GLC itself was the education authority for inner London, but it was both administratively difficult and politically questionable to allow outer London members of the GLC to have an input. Therefore, the GLC delegated responsibility to the ILEA as a 'special committee', consisting of the members of the GLC from the Inner London area, plus one member delegated from each of the inner London boroughs and the City of London. Those who were members of both the GLC and the ILEA tended to concentrate on one duty only, although they attended the meetings of both bodies.
The tea leaves are packaged loosely in a canister, paper bag, or other container such as a tea chest. Some whole teas, such as rolled gunpowder tea leaves, which resist crumbling, are vacuum-packed for freshness in aluminised packaging for storage and retail. The loose tea is individually measured for use, allowing for flexibility and flavour control at the expense of convenience. Strainers, tea balls, tea presses, filtered teapots, and infusion bags prevent loose leaves from floating in the tea and over-brewing. A traditional method uses a three-piece lidded teacup called a gaiwan, the lid of which is tilted to decant the tea into a different cup for consumption.
Kendall was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1950, and both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society in 1951. Kendall's career at Mayo ended in 1951, when he reached mandatory retirement age. He moved on to Princeton University, where he was a visiting professor in the Department of Biochemistry. He remained affiliated with Princeton until his death in 1972. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Kendall received other major awards including the Lasker Award, the Passano Foundation Award and the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh. Kendall received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1966. He was awarded honorary doctorates from the University of Cincinnati, Western Reserve University, Williams College, Yale University, Columbia University, National University of Ireland, and Gustavus Adolphus College.
These included French pharmacist Alexandre Rouhier's Le Peyotl: La Plante Qui Fait les Yeux Émerveillés (Peyote: The Plant That Fills the Eyes with Marvels) in 1927, the German psychiatrist Kurt Beringer's Der Meskalinrausch, seine Geschichte und Erscheinungsweise (Mescaline Intoxication, its History and Manifestation) in 1927, and German–American psychologist Heinrich Klüver's Mescal: The Divine Plant and Its Psychological Effects in 1928. Studies of the potential therapeutic effects of mescaline started in the 1950s. It was studied as part of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy by Walter Frederking by 1953. Aldous Huxley's book The Doors of Perception, about his experience with mescaline, was published in 1954. In 1955, English politician Christopher Mayhew took part in an experiment for BBC's Panorama, in which he ingested 400 mg of mescaline under the supervision of psychiatrist Humphry Osmond. Though the recording was deemed too controversial and ultimately omitted from the show, Mayhew praised the experience, calling it "the most interesting thing I ever did" and saying that it was "profoundly thought-provoking". The mechanism of action of mescaline, activation of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, became fully known in the 1990s. A serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, specifically ketanserin, was first clearly shown to block the psychedelic effects of mescaline in humans by Matthias Liechti and colleagues in 2024. The history of mescaline was reviewed in the 2019 book Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic by cultural historian Mike Jay.
Mexico (south-eastern): Among the ancient Maya, Nicotiana was considered a sacred plant, closely associated with deities of earth and sky, and used for both visionary and therapeutic ends. The contemporary Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Highland Chiapas (Mexico) are bearers of this ethnobotanical inheritance, preserving a rich and varied tradition of Nicotiana use and folklore. The entire tobacco plant is viewed as a primordial medicine and a powerful botanical "helper" or "protector". Depending on the condition to be treated, whole Nicotiana leaves are used alone or in combination with other herbs in the preparation of various medicinal plasters and teas. In its most common form, fresh or green leaves are ground with slaked lime to produce an intoxicating oral snuff that serves as both a protective and therapeutic agent. United States: Extract of N. tabacum is taken orally to treat tiredness, ward off diseases, and quiet fear. Tanzania: Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum are placed in the vagina to stimulate labor. Zimbabwe: Leaves or root of the plant are infused and taken by mouth for asthma and other respiratory problems. Leaves and roots are also rubbed against warts and wounds as ointment.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Australia ==== MMDA is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (October 2015). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.
=== September === 1 September The James Webb Space Telescope takes its first direct images of a planet beyond the Solar System. The exoplanet, HIP 65426 b, is revealed in different bands of infrared light. Neuroscientists report the discovery of the axo-ciliary synapse – communication between serotonergic axons and antenna-like primary cilia of CA1 pyramidal neurons that alters the neuron's epigenetic state in the nucleus. Scientists elaborate a need for an evidence-based reform of regulation of genetically modified crops (moving from regulation based on characteristics of the development-process to characteristics of the product) in a paywalled article. 2 September – A first spatiotemporal map reveals key insights about axolotl brain regeneration. 5 September – Researchers report the development of remote controlled cyborg cockroaches functional if moving to sunlight for recharging. 6 September – The U.S. Department of Agriculture approves a new purple tomato, genetically modified to alter its colour and enhance its nutritional quality. 7 September – A new malaria vaccine developed by the University of Oxford is shown to be ~80% effective at preventing the disease. 8 September – A study adds to the accumulating research indicating postexposure antiviral TIPs could be an effective countermeasure that reduces COVID-19 transmission. In September, India and China approve the two first nasal COVID-19 vaccines which may (as boosters) also reduce transmission (sterilizing immunity).
Provides straightforward information about effects arising from individual compounds in complex or natural samples separated in parallel. Combines chromatographic separation with effect-directed detection using enzymatic or biological assays. Helps to select important compounds from a sample for further characterization using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Offers unique benefits such as super-hyphenation, minimum sample preparation requirements, detection of multi-modulating compounds, and distinguishing agonistic versus antagonistic effects.
== Glycoside hydrolases == Glycoside hydrolases (or glycosidases), are enzymes that break glycosidic bonds. Glycoside hydrolases typically can act either on α- or on β-glycosidic bonds, but not on both. This specificity allows researchers to obtain glycosides in high epimeric excess, one example being Wen-Ya Lu's conversion of D-Glucose to Ethyl β-D-glucopyranoside using naturally-derived glucosidase. Wen-Ya Lu utilized glucosidase in a reverse manner opposite to the enzyme's biological functionality:
== Research == (R)-MDMA is under development separately by AtaiBeckley, Empath Biosciences (EmpathBio) and Definium Therapeutics (formerly MindMed). It is being developed by AtaiBeckley for social anxiety disorder, by Empath Biosciences for the treatment of PTSD and social phobia and it is being developed by Definium Therapeutics for the treatment of PDDs or autism. As of February 2026, the drug is in phase 2 clinical trials for social phobia and autistic spectrum disorders, whereas no recent development has been reported for PTSD. The results of AtaiBeckley's phase 2a trial for treatment of social phobia have been released, with the drug showing moderate effectiveness and a generally favorable safety profile for this indication.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Structural domain === A structural domain is an element of the protein's overall structure that is self-stabilizing and often folds independently of the rest of the protein chain. Many domains are not unique to the protein products of one gene or one gene family but instead appear in a variety of proteins. Domains often are named and singled out because they figure prominently in the biological function of the protein they belong to; for example, the "calcium-binding domain of calmodulin". Because they are independently stable, domains can be "swapped" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimera proteins. A conservative combination of several domains that occur in different proteins, such as protein tyrosine phosphatase domain and C2 domain pair, was called "a superdomain" that may evolve as a single unit.
== Reactions == Superheated water, along with supercritical water, has been used to oxidise hazardous material in the wet oxidation process. Organic compounds are rapidly oxidised without the production of toxic materials sometimes produced by combustion. However, when the oxygen levels are lower, organic compounds can be quite stable in superheated water. As the concentration of hydronium (H3O+) and hydroxide (OH−) ions are 100 times larger than in water at 25 °C, superheated water can act as a stronger acid and a stronger base, and many different types of reaction can be carried out. An example of a selective reaction is oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone, with no evidence of formation of phenylethanoic acid, or of pyrolysis products. Several different types of reaction in which water was behaving as reactant, catalyst and solvent were described by Katritzky et al. Triglycerides can be hydrolysed to free fatty acids and glycerol by superheated water at 275 °C, which can be the first in a two-stage process to make biodiesel.
=== Enzymatic activity === Stabilization of tetrahedral intermediates inside of the enzyme active site has been investigated using tetrahedral intermediate mimics. The specific binding forces involved in stabilizing the transition state have been describe crystallographycally. In the mammalian serine proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin, two peptide NH groups of the polypeptide backbone form the so-called oxyanion hole by donating hydrogen bonds to the negatively charged oxygen atom of the tetrahedral intermediate. A simple diagram describing the interaction is shown below.
==== Education ==== Even with the acceleration of the transmission of COVID-19 in the city and the increase in the occupation of beds at hospitals, Melo maintained the plan to recommence classes in municipal schools on 22 February 2021. He had only cancelled the beginning of the school year when the city had been put under the black flag category, the highest category for social distancing, due to a high risk of infections. A part of the municipal schools would return to opening at the beginning of May, even if some of the teachers had not been vaccinated, in contrast to what had been happening in neighboring cities such as Esteio and São Leopoldo. Days before, the teachers had called for protests against returning to in-person classes during the middle of the pandemic without vaccination.
== Interactions == No pharmacokinetic interactions with doxorubicin were observed in studies. Being a monoclonal antibody, olaratumab is neither metabolised by cytochrome P450 liver enzymes nor transported by transmembrane pumps, and is thus not expected to interact relevantly with other drugs.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Dihexa is a synthetic peptide modeled on angiotensin IV. It is used in laboratory and animal research, not as an approved medicine. Human effects remain poorly characterized.
It is produced by chemical synthesis, not extracted from plants or animals. Its design is based on a naturally occurring peptide fragment. Suppliers sell it as a research chemical.
No, dihexa is a modified analog of angiotensin IV. The two share a structural relationship but differ in chemical details. Research on one does not automatically apply to the other.
The lyophilized powder is generally stored at -20 °C or lower, desiccated, and protected from light. Solutions are often aliquoted to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Specific stability data may vary by formulation and purity.